– Sources of Sulfur Dioxide:
– Burning of fossil fuels
– Industrial processes
– Volcanic eruptions
– Forest fires
– Transportation emissions
– Health Effects of Sulfur Dioxide:
– Irritation of the respiratory system
– Aggravation of asthma
– Cardiovascular effects
– Impact on lung function
– Long-term exposure linked to respiratory diseases
– Environmental Impact of Sulfur Dioxide:
– Acid rain formation
– Harmful to vegetation
– Corrosive to buildings and monuments
– Contributes to smog formation
– Affects aquatic life in water bodies
– Regulations on Sulfur Dioxide Emissions:
– Clean Air Act regulations
– Emission limits for industries
– Scrubbers in power plants
– Monitoring air quality
– International agreements to reduce emissions
– Ways to Reduce Sulfur Dioxide Pollution:
– Use of cleaner fuels
– Implementation of emission control technologies
– Energy conservation measures
– Increased use of renewable energy sources
– Public awareness and education initiatives
Sulfur dioxide (IUPAC-recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English) is the chemical compound with the formula SO
2. It is a toxic gas responsible for the odor of burnt matches. It is released naturally by volcanic activity and is produced as a by-product of copper extraction and the burning of sulfur-bearing fossil fuels. It was known to alchemists as "volatile spirit of sulfur" since at least 16th century.
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name Sulfur dioxide | |
Other names
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) | |
| 3535237 | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.359 |
| EC Number |
|
| E number | E220 (preservatives) |
| 1443 | |
| KEGG | |
| MeSH | Sulfur+dioxide |
PubChem CID | |
| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 1079, 2037 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
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| Properties | |
| SO 2 | |
| Molar mass | 64.066 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless and pungent gas |
| Odor | Pungent; similar to a just-struck match |
| Density | 2.619 kg m−3 |
| Melting point | −72 °C; −98 °F; 201 K |
| Boiling point | −10 °C (14 °F; 263 K) |
| 94 g/L forms sulfurous acid | |
| Vapor pressure | 230 kPa at 10 °C; 330 kPa at 20 °C; 462 kPa at 30 °C; 630 kPa at 40 °C |
| Acidity (pKa) | ~1.81 |
| Basicity (pKb) | ~12.19 |
| −18.2·10−6 cm3/mol | |
| Viscosity | 12.82 μPa·s |
| Structure | |
| C2v | |
| Digonal | |
| Dihedral | |
| 1.62 D | |
| Thermochemistry | |
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 248.223 J K−1 mol−1 |
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | −296.81 kJ mol−1 |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
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| Danger | |
| H314, H331 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LC50 (median concentration) | 3000 ppm (mouse, 30 min) 2520 ppm (rat, 1 hr) |
LCLo (lowest published) | 993 ppm (rat, 20 min) 611 ppm (rat, 5 hr) 764 ppm (mouse, 20 min) 1000 ppm (human, 10 min) 3000 ppm (human, 5 min) |
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible) | TWA 5 ppm (13 mg/m3) |
REL (Recommended) | TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) ST 5 ppm (13 mg/m3) |
IDLH (Immediate danger) | 100 ppm |
| Related compounds | |
| Sulfur monoxide Sulfur trioxide Disulfur monoxide | |
Related compounds | Ozone Selenium dioxide |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
