Applications:
– Genetic relatedness of two species can be determined by hybridizing segments of their DNA.
– Higher temperatures are needed to melt DNA hybrids of closely related organisms.
– Various methods use hybridization to pinpoint the origin of a DNA sample.
– Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) utilizes hybridization.
– Short DNA sequences are hybridized to cellular mRNAs to identify expressed genes.
DNA-DNA hybridization:
– DNA-DNA hybridization is a technique used to determine genetic relatedness.
– Higher temperatures are required to melt DNA hybrids of closely related organisms.
– It is a method to pinpoint the origin of a DNA sample.
– Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used in DNA-DNA hybridization.
– Antisense RNA can bind to undesired mRNA to prevent translation into protein.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH):
– FISH is a method to detect and locate a DNA sequence on a chromosome.
– Gall and Pardue discovered the use of molecular hybridization for identifying DNA sequences in chromosomes.
– In situ hybridization is now a crucial tool in cytogenetics.
– Refinements have enhanced the sensitivity and versatility of FISH.
– The procedure allows for identifying DNA sequences in their natural positions within a chromosome.
References:
– Felsenfeld and Miles (1967) discussed the physical and chemical properties of nucleic acids.
– McClean provided information on Nucleic Acid Hybridizations.
– Beckman’s work on Hybridization is a notable reference.
– Levsky and Singer (2003) discussed the past, present, and future of Fluorescence in situ hybridization.
– Pardue and Gall (1969) demonstrated molecular hybridization of radioactive DNA to detect complementary DNA sequences.
External links:
– The Science History Institute archives information on Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin.
– In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins received the Nobel Prize for determining the structure of DNA.
– Southern and Northern hybridization are key techniques in molecular biology.
– Authority control databases like National Israel and the United States are relevant.
– Wikipedia provides detailed information on nucleic acid hybridization.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2015) |
In molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA. Though a double-stranded DNA sequence is generally stable under physiological conditions, changing these conditions in the laboratory (generally by raising the surrounding temperature) will cause the molecules to separate into single strands. These strands are complementary to each other but may also be complementary to other sequences present in their surroundings. Lowering the surrounding temperature allows the single-stranded molecules to anneal or “hybridize” to each other.
DNA replication and transcription of DNA into RNA both rely upon nucleotide hybridization, as do molecular biology techniques including Southern blots and Northern blots, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and most approaches to DNA sequencing.
