Hysteresis

Hysteresis Fundamentals:
– Etymology and History:
– Term ‘hysteresis’ from Ancient Greek, meaning deficiency or lagging behind
– Coined in 1881 by Sir James Alfred Ewing to describe magnetic materials behavior
– Mathematical theory of systems with hysteresis developed in the 1970s by Russian mathematicians
– Rate-Dependent Hysteresis:
– Shows a dynamic lag between input and output
– Disappears if input is varied more slowly
– Various models like Preisach and Bouc–Wen attempt to capture hysteresis features
– Rate-Independent Hysteresis:
– Has a persistent memory of the past
– Values of output depend on path of input values passed through
– Characterized using Preisach and Prandtl−Ishlinskii models

Engineering Applications:
– Control Systems:
– Used to filter signals for a slower reaction
– Helps prevent rapid switching in systems
– Electronic Circuits:
– Intentionally added to prevent rapid switching
– Essential in memristors and audio electronics
– User Interface Design:
– Intentionally added for improved usability
– Helps users navigate menus more effectively
– Aerodynamics:
– Observed in aerodynamics when changing wing angle of attack
– Important in aircraft performance analysis
– Hydraulics:
– Observed in stage-flow relationship of rivers during changing conditions
– Influences river behavior and flow dynamics

Mechanics and Material Science:
– Elastic Hysteresis:
– Area in the center of hysteresis loop dissipates energy due to internal friction
– Rubber band stretches with added weights, contracts when weights are removed
– Contact Angle Hysteresis:
– Range of contact angles between liquid and solid phase
– Difference between advancing and receding contact angles is hysteresis
– Bubble Shape Hysteresis:
– Equilibrium shapes of bubbles exhibit hysteresis
– Important in interfacial rheology experiments
– Adsorption Hysteresis:
– Occurs during physical adsorption processes
– Classified into Type IV and Type V loops
– Matric Potential Hysteresis:
– Source of water content measurement error
– Depends on saturation history of the medium

Specialized Hysteresis Phenomena:
– Electrical Hysteresis:
– Occurs in ferroelectric material
– Measured in C·m or C·m
– Liquid-Solid-Phase Transitions:
– Hysteresis in phase transitions with mismatched melting and freezing temperatures
– Retains liquid state until cooled to 40°C
– Cell Biology and Genetics:
– Bistable systems show hysteresis in cell biology
– Cells in division exhibit hysteresis
– Magnetic Hysteresis:
– Ferromagnetic materials exhibit hysteresis
– Models like Preisach and Jiles-Atherton are used
– Applications:
– Memory retention in hard magnets like iron
– Hysteresis loop utilized in magnetic tape, hard disks, and credit cards

Interdisciplinary Applications:
– Immunology:
– T cells exhibit hysteresis
– Higher levels of active Ras in previously activated T cells
– Neuroscience:
– Some neurons show hysteresis
– Refractory period illustrates this property
– Neuropsychology:
– Context-dependent memory and state-dependent memory exhibit hysteresis
– Neural correlates of consciousness explored
– Respiratory Physiology:
– Lung hysteresis observed in compliance differences
– Compliance varies between inspiration and expiration
– Voice and Speech Physiology:
– Hysteresis effect seen in voicing onset versus offset
– Parameters influencing vocal fold vibration

Hysteresis (Wikipedia)

Not to be confused with Hysteria.

Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history. For example, a magnet may have more than one possible magnetic moment in a given magnetic field, depending on how the field changed in the past. Plots of a single component of the moment often form a loop or hysteresis curve, where there are different values of one variable depending on the direction of change of another variable. This history dependence is the basis of memory in a hard disk drive and the remanence that retains a record of the Earth's magnetic field magnitude in the past. Hysteresis occurs in ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials, as well as in the deformation of rubber bands and shape-memory alloys and many other natural phenomena. In natural systems, it is often associated with irreversible thermodynamic change such as phase transitions and with internal friction; and dissipation is a common side effect.

Hysteresis can be found in physics, chemistry, engineering, biology, and economics. It is incorporated in many artificial systems: for example, in thermostats and Schmitt triggers, it prevents unwanted frequent switching.

Hysteresis can be a dynamic lag between an input and an output that disappears if the input is varied more slowly; this is known as rate-dependent hysteresis. However, phenomena such as the magnetic hysteresis loops are mainly rate-independent, which makes a durable memory possible.

Systems with hysteresis are nonlinear, and can be mathematically challenging to model. Some hysteretic models, such as the Preisach model (originally applied to ferromagnetism) and the Bouc–Wen model, attempt to capture general features of hysteresis; and there are also phenomenological models for particular phenomena such as the Jiles–Atherton model for ferromagnetism.

It is difficult to define hysteresis precisely. Isaak D. Mayergoyz wrote "...the very meaning of hysteresis varies from one area to another, from paper to paper and from author to author. As a result, a stringent mathematical definition of hysteresis is needed in order to avoid confusion and ambiguity.".