Geographical Regions:
– Italian Peninsula, Greece, Cyprus, Iberian Peninsula, Anatolian Peninsula
– Gaul, Syrian region, Egypt, Roman Africa
– Roman Germany, Illyricum, Macedonia, Thrace, Moesia
– Pannonia, Dacia, Mauretania, Jordan, Tauric Chersonesus
Cultural Aspects:
– Art, philosophy, rhetoric in education
– Literary influences, Roman figures in Greek schools
– Augustus’ Res Gestae, Plutarch’s Parallel Lives
– Bilingual education in Greek and Latin
– Greco-Roman mutual knowledge, universal history
Architectural Features:
– Graeco-Roman architecture principles
– Representative buildings like temples and Roman Senate
– Column designs: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
– Examples: Parthenon, Temple of Hephaestus, Erechtheum
– Ancient Greek and Roman architectural styles
Political Developments:
– Caracalla’s Constitutio Antoniniana in AD 211
– Tax revenue increase and citizenship rights
– Free men becoming citizens
– Byzantine Empire, Rhomaioi, Hellenes
– Fall of Western Roman Empire, Greek nationalism
Religious Aspects:
– Greco-Roman mythology or classical mythology
– Syncretism of Roman and Greek myths
– Period of Great Greece and Roman paganism
– Philosophy, political theory, and mythology intersection
– Influence on Greco-Roman culture and history
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (November 2015) |
The Greco-Roman civilization (/ˌɡriːkoʊˈroʊmən, ˌɡrɛkoʊ-/; also Greco-Roman culture or Greco-Latin culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the Greeks and Romans. A better-known term is classical antiquity. In exact terms the area refers to the "Mediterranean world", the extensive tracts of land centered on the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, the "swimming pool and spa" of the Greeks and the Romans, in which those peoples' cultural perceptions, ideas, and sensitivities became dominant in classical antiquity.
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That process was aided by the universal adoption of Greek as the language of intellectual culture and commerce in the Eastern Mediterranean and of Latin as the language of public administration and of forensic advocacy, especially in the Western Mediterranean.
Greek and Latin were never the native languages of many or most of the rural peasants, who formed the great majority of the Roman Empire's population, but they became the languages of the urban and cosmopolitan elites and the Empire's lingua franca for those who lived within the large territories and populations outside the Macedonian settlements and the Roman colonies. All Roman citizens of note and accomplishment, regardless of their ethnic extractions, spoke and wrote in Greek or Latin. Examples include the Roman jurist and imperial chancellor Ulpian, who was of Phoenician origin; the mathematician and geographer Claudius Ptolemy, who was of Greco-Egyptian origin; and the famous post-Constantinian thinker Augustine, who was of Berber origin. Note too the historian Josephus Flavius, who was of Jewish origin but spoke and wrote in Greek.
