Biosensor Components:
– Biosensor system consists of a bio-receptor, transducer component, and electronic system.
– Bio-receptor interacts with the analyte to produce a measurable effect.
– Transducer outputs a signal proportional to the analyte presence.
– Aim is to enable quick testing at the point of concern.
– Can include combined transducers and electronics in microsensor systems.
Bioreceptors:
– Designed to interact with specific analytes for measurable effects.
– Require high selectivity among various components.
– Classifications include antibody/antigen, enzymes/ligands, nucleic acids/DNA, cellular structures/cells, or biomimetic materials.
– Utilize biomolecules or receptors modeled after biological systems.
– Output measurable signals proportional to target analyte presence.
Antibody/Antigen Interactions:
– Immunosensors use specific binding affinity of antibodies for antigens.
– Interaction results in physicochemical changes generating signals.
– Limitations include dependency on assay conditions and vulnerability to disruptive agents.
– Important for serological testing, such as in response to diseases like COVID-19.
– Analogous to a lock and key fit for specific antigen-antibody interactions.
Enzymatic Interactions:
– Enzymes popular for their specific binding capabilities and catalytic activity.
– Enable analyte recognition through various mechanisms.
– Commonly used due to ability to catalyze reactions and detect analytes.
– Enzymes allow for continuous sensor use and lower limits of detection.
– Sensor lifetime is limited by enzyme stability.
Novel Biosensor Technologies:
– Proposed use of integrated optical resonators for detecting epigenetic modifications in body fluids.
– Development of photonic biosensors for cancer cell detection in urine.
– Utilization of microbial biosensors for enhanced detection sensitivity and specificity.
– Implementation of ion channel switches and reagentless fluorescent biosensors for target analyte monitoring.
– Advancements in biosensor technology like magnetic biosensors and piezoelectric sensors for various applications.
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance, that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. The sensitive biological element, e.g. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc., is a biologically derived material or biomimetic component that interacts with, binds with, or recognizes the analyte under study. The biologically sensitive elements can also be created by biological engineering. The transducer or the detector element, which transforms one signal into another one, works in a physicochemical way: optical, piezoelectric, electrochemical, electrochemiluminescence etc., resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological element, to easily measure and quantify. The biosensor reader device connects with the associated electronics or signal processors that are primarily responsible for the display of the results in a user-friendly way. This sometimes accounts for the most expensive part of the sensor device, however it is possible to generate a user friendly display that includes transducer and sensitive element (holographic sensor). The readers are usually custom-designed and manufactured to suit the different working principles of biosensors.
English
Etymology
bio- + sensor
Noun
biosensor (plural biosensors)
- (biochemistry) Any device that detects, records or transmits physiological data, especially data concerning the presence of chemical compounds (analytes)
- (biochemistry) A device that uses biological material (e.g.
