Ammonia

Chemical Properties of Ammonia:
– Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent smell, lighter than air.
– Solid ammonia has a cubic crystal symmetry.
– Liquid ammonia has strong ionizing powers and a high enthalpy change of vaporization.
– The ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape with a bond angle of 106.7°.
– Ammonia is a weak base, forming ammonium salts with acids.
– Ammonia has redox properties, with a narrow thermodynamic stability range in liquid solutions.

Applications and Uses of Ammonia:
– Ammonia is a precursor to various nitrogen-containing compounds.
– It is used in the production of nitric acid, amines, hydrazine, and other compounds.
– Ammonia is a refrigerant in industrial applications and refrigeration systems.
– It acts as an antimicrobial agent in food products and cleaning solutions.
– Ammonia is being explored as a potential alternative fuel source due to its energy density.

Detection and Measurement of Ammonia:
– Ammonia and ammonium salts can be detected using Nesslers solution.
– Different detectors are used to measure gaseous ammonia concentrations.
– Ammonia in solution can be quantitatively estimated through distillation methods.
– Ammoniacal nitrogen is used to measure ammonium ions in water and waste liquids.
– Various industrial processes and applications rely on ammonia solutions.

Environmental Impact and Safety Concerns:
– Ammonia toxicity poses risks to aquatic life, especially fish and amphibians.
– Atmospheric ammonia contributes to fine particulate matter formation.
– Ammonia is a component of tobacco smoke.
– Discharge of ammonia into marine environments can act as a pollutant.
– Prevention methods are recommended to mitigate harm from elevated ammonia levels in aquaculture.

Storage and Handling of Ammonia:
– Anhydrous ammonia boils below room temperature at atmospheric pressure.
– Storage vessels for liquid ammonia should withstand 250psi pressure.
– Ammonia with 0.2% water content is not corrosive to carbon steel.
– Proper storage practices are crucial to prevent hazardous reactions with ammonium compounds.
– Carbon steel storage tanks with water content can have a long lifespan.

Ammonia (Wikipedia)

"NH3" and "ammoniac" redirect here. ForNH+4, see Ammonium. For the gum ammoniac, see ammoniacum. For other uses, see NH 3 (disambiguation) and Ammonia (disambiguation).

Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formulaNH₃. A stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to fertilisers. Around 70% of ammonia produced industrially is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as urea and diammonium phosphate. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil.

Ammonia

Names
IUPAC name Ammonia
Systematic IUPAC name Azane
Other names Hydrogen nitride R-717 R717 (refrigerant) Amidogen Hydrogen amine Nitrogen hydride
Identifiers
CAS Number	7664-41-7 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
3DMet	B00004
Beilstein Reference	3587154
ChEBI	CHEBI:16134 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1160819 Y
ChemSpider	217 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.760
EC Number	231-635-3
Gmelin Reference	79
KEGG	D02916 Y
MeSH	Ammonia
PubChem CID	222
RTECS number	BO0875000
UNII	5138Q19F1X Y
UN number	1005
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0023872
InChI InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 Y Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/H3N/h1H3 Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYAF
SMILES N
Properties
Chemical formula	NH3
Molar mass	17.031 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colourless gas
Odor	Strong pungent odour
Density	0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point) 0.769 kg/m3 (STP) 0.73 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at 15 °C) 0.6819 g/cm3 at −33.3 °C (liquid) See also Ammonia (data page) 0.817 g/cm3 at −80 °C (transparent solid)
Melting point	−77.73 °C (−107.91 °F; 195.42 K) (Triple point at 6.060 kPa, 195.4 K)
Boiling point	−33.34 °C (−28.01 °F; 239.81 K)
Critical point (T, P)	132.4 °C (405.5 K), 111.3 atm (11,280 kPa)
Solubility in water	530g/l(20 °C) 320g/l(25 °C)
Solubility	soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol, methanol
Vapor pressure	857.3 kPa
Acidity (pKa)	32.5 (−33 °C), 9.24 (of ammonium)
Basicity (pKb)	4.75
Conjugate acid	Ammonium
Conjugate base	Amide
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−18.0×10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.3327
Viscosity	10.07 µPa·s (25 °C) 0.276 mPa·s (−40 °C)
Structure
Point group	C3v
Molecular shape	Trigonal pyramid
Dipole moment	1.42 D
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (S⦵298)	193 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−46 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H280, H314, H331, H410
Precautionary statements	P260, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340+P311, P305+P351+P338+P310
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	3 1 0 COR
Flash point	132 °C (270 °F; 405 K)
Autoignition temperature	651 °C (1,204 °F; 924 K)
Explosive limits	15.0–33.6%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	350 mg/kg (rat, oral)
LC50 (median concentration)	40,300 ppm (rat, 10 min) 28,595 ppm (rat, 20 min) 20,300 ppm (rat, 40 min) 11,590 ppm (rat, 1 hr) 7338 ppm (rat, 1 hr) 4837 ppm (mouse, 1 hr) 9859 ppm (rabbit, 1 hr) 9859 ppm (cat, 1 hr) 2000 ppm (rat, 4 hr) 4230 ppm (mouse, 1 hr)
LCLo (lowest published)	5000 ppm (mammal, 5 min) 5000 ppm (human, 5 min)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	50 ppm (25 ppm ACGIH- TLV; 35 ppm STEL)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	300 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS)	ICSC 0414 (anhydrous)
Related compounds
Related nitrogen hydrides	Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid
Related compounds	Ammonium hydroxide Phosphine Arsine Stibine Bismuthine
Supplementary data page
Ammonia (data page)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products.

Ammonia is common in nature, both terrestrially and in the outer planets of the Solar System. It is widely used in dilute form, but is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. In many countries it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance, and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities that produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

The global industrial production of ammonia in 2021 was 235 million tonnes. Industrial ammonia is sold either as ammonia liquor (usually 28% ammonia in water) or as pressurised or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders.

Because of the chemical inertness of nitrogen gas, production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen is difficult. Biological nitrogen fixation is only performed by a few families of microorganisms, the diazotrophs. The Haber process that enabled industrial production was invented at the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionizing agriculture.

NH₃ boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere, so the liquid must be stored under pressure or at low temperature. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution ofNH₃ in water. The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baumé scale (density), with 26 degrees Baumé (about 30% of ammonia by weight at 15.5 °C or 59.9 °F) being the typical high-concentration commercial product.